Nursing Diagnosis for Rabies

Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans) that is caused by a virus. It is known to be present on all continents except Antarctica and infects domestic and wild animals.

For a human, rabies is almost invariably fatal if postexposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death.

The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The incubation period of the disease is usually a few months in humans, depending on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system. Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms begin to show, the infection is virtually untreatable and usually fatal within days.

The initial symptoms of rabies are often vague, and it can be easy to mistake them for other less serious types of infection. They include:

• a high temperature of 38ºC (100.4ºF) or above
• chills
• fatigue (extreme tiredness)
• problems sleeping
• lack of appetite
• headache
• irritability
• anxiety
• sore throat
• vomiting

Around half of people will also experience pain and a tingling sensation at the site of the infection.

Initial symptoms of rabies last for two to 10 days before more severe symptoms start to develop. There are two types of advanced rabies:

furious rabies, which accounts for four out of five cases
dumb or paralytic rabies, which accounts for the remainder of cases

Nursing Diagnosis for Rabies

1. Ineffective breathing pattern related to asphyxia
2. Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to decreased swallowing reflexes
3. Hyperthermia related to viremia
4. Anxiety (family) related to exposure to information
5. Risk for injury related to seizures and weakness
6. Risk for infection associated with open wounds

Fluid Volume Deficit related to Dengue Fever

Fluid Volume Deficit

Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid (refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium level)

Defining Characteristics:

• Decreased urine output;
• increased urine concentration;
• weakness;
• sudden weight loss (except in third-spacing);
• decreased venous filling;
• increased body temperature;
• decreased pulse volume/pressure;
• change in mental state;
• elevated hematocrit;
• decreased skin/tongue turgor;
• dry skin/mucous membranes;
• thirst;
• increased pulse rate;
• decreased blood pressure

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a specific syndrome that tends to affect children under 10 years of age. It causes abdominal pain, hemorrhage (bleeding), and circulatory collapse (shock).

Signs and symptoms of dengue fever most commonly include:

• Fever, up to 106 F (41 C)
• Headaches
• Muscle, bone and joint pain
• Pain behind your eyes

You might also experience:

• Widespread rash
• Nausea and vomiting
• Minor bleeding from your gums or nose

Nursing Diagnosis for Dengue Fever

Fluid Volume Deficit related to active fluid loss

Goal:

• Fluid requirements are met, with the result criteria: no sunken eyes, mucous membranes moist, good skin turgor

Outcomes:

• Good skin turgor, dry skin, mucous membranes moist

Interventions:

1) Observation vital signs at least every three hours.
Rationale: Decrease in blood circulation may occur from increased fluid loss resulting in hypotension and tachycardia.

2) Observation and cata intake and output.
Rationale: Shows the status of the circulating volume, the / repair fluid displacement, and response to therapy.

3) Measure the weight.
Rationale: Measuring the adequacy of fluid replacement according kidney function.

4) Monitor intravenous fluids every hour.
Rationale: Maintaining the balance of fluid / electrolyte.

Hyperthermia related to Dengue Fever

Hyperthermia is defined as a temperature greater than 37.5–38.3 °C (100–101 °F), depending on the reference used, that occurs without a change in the body's temperature set point.

The normal human body temperature in health can be as high as 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in the late afternoon. Hyperthermia requires an elevation from the temperature that would otherwise be expected. Such elevations range from mild to extreme; body temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) can be life threatening.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly infection spread by mosquitos, mainly the species Aedes aegypti.

Early symptoms include:

• Decreased appetite
• Fever
• Headache
• Joint or muscle aches
• Malaise
• Vomiting

Nursing Diagnosis for Dengue Fever : Hyperthermia related to increase the rate of metabolism

Defining characteristics :

• Convulsions
• Skin redness
• Increased body temperature above the normal range
• Seizures
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Skin feels warm

Goals:

• Maintain normal body temperature with the expected outcomes: body temperature from 35.50 to 37.00 c

Outcomes:

• Body temperature between 36-370 c,
• mucous membranes moist,
• muscle pain disappeared

Interventions:
1) Measure vital signs (temperature)
Rationale: Temperature 38.90 C-41, 10c, shows an acute infectious disease process

2) Give warm compresses
Rational: Warm compresses will happen conduction heat transfer

3) Increase fluid intake
Rational: To replace fluids lost due to evaporation

List of Antioxidant Fruits Content

Antioxidants are substances that can slow or prevent the oxidation process.

Antioxidants are defined as substances that protect cells from the harmful effects of reactive oxygen free radicals, when it comes to disease, free radicals can be derived from the body's metabolism as well as other external factors.

Free radicals are unstable species because it has an unpaired electron and the electron pairs in the search for biological macromolecules.

Antioxidants are found in many foods, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids.

Antioxidants are expected to secure the use or non-toxic, effective at low concentrations (0,01-0,02%), available at quite affordable prices, and resistant to the product processing. Antioxidants are important in the fight against free radicals, but the excess capacity causing cell damage.

Based on origin, antioxidants consists of: anti-oxygen that comes from within the body (endogenous) and from outside the body (exogenous). Sometimes endogenous antioxidant systems are not sufficiently able to cope with the excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a condition when antioxidant mechanisms are not enough to break down reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the necessary antioxidants from outside (exogenous) to overcome.

Your diet can be a rich source of beneficial antioxidants, anticarcinogens, and anti-aging ingredients including vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and phenol. [Ames1983] One well-known example is the resveratrol in grapes which indicates cancer preventive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-mutagenic properties of these. [Jang1997]

Here is a list of different antioxidant power of fruits classified with AEAC analytical method as described by Leong and Shui. Category AEAC fruit is relatively specific antioxidant power is based on laboratory test methods.

Extremely High antioxidant: Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), Plum (Prunus Domestics)

High antioxidant: Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), Guava (Psidium guajava), Grape 'Flame seedless (Vitis vinifera), Salak (Salacca edulis), Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), Avocado (Persea Americana), Orange (Citrus aurantium), Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), Solo varieties of papaya (Carica papaya L.), kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis)

Medium antioxidant: Cempedak (Artocarpus integer Merr.), Grapefruit (Citrus grandis), Lemon (Citrus lemon), Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.), Apple (Malus pumila), papaya, long legs (Carica papaya L.), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), king of Rambutan (Nephelium mutabile), Banana (Musa paridasiaca), pulp Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Low antioxidant: Rockmelon (Cucumis melo var cantalupensis.), Melon / honeydew (Cucumis melo var inodorus.), Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), coconut water (Cocos nucifera).


References:

[Jang1997] Meishang Jang, Lining Cai, George O. Udeani, Karla V. Slowing, Cathy F. Thomas, Christopher W.W. Beecher, Harry H. S. Fong, Norman R, Farnsworth, A. Douglas Kinghorn, Rajendra G. Mehta, Richard C. Moon, John M. Pezzuto, “Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Resveratrol, a Natural Product Derived from Grapes”, Science V275 pp218-220 1997.

[Leong2002] L.P. Leong, G. Shui, “An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets”, Food Chemistry 76 (2002) 69–75.

[Ames1983] Bruce N. Ames, “Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens, Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases”, Science V221 N4617 pp1256-1264 1983.


[Melov2000] Simon Melov, Joanne Ravenscroft, Sarwatt Malik, Matt S. Gill, David W. Walker, Peter E. Clayton, Douglas C. Wallace, Bernard MaLfroy, Susan R. Doctrow, Gordon J. Lithgow, “Extension of Life-Span with Superoxide Dismutase/Catalase Mimetics”, Science V289 N5484 pp1567-1569 2000.

http://www.health-nutrition-facts.com/fruit-nutrition-facts.html

Eat Mangoes To Avoid Cancer

Mango fruit including stone fruit group (drupa) are fleshy, with a size and shape very variable depending on the stuff. Fruit length is approximately 2.5 to 30 cm. At the end of the fruit, there is a section called pointy beak. In the middle, there are parts that bend, called the sinus, which continued into the abdomen.

Mango is mainly grown for its fruit. The ripe fruit commonly eaten fresh, as table fruit or a mixture of ice, in the form of slices or blender. Mango fruit is also processed as preserves, dried fruit slices, canned and others.

Mango is mainly produced by the countries of India, China, Mexico, Thailand, Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines, and Bangladesh. Total world production in the '80s about 15 million tons, but only about 90,000 tons (1985) which is traded on the world stage. That is, most mangoes consumed locally.

Mangoes are rich in vitamin C and E which is an antioxidant. Mangoes contain fiber that can help the digestive system. Mango as a source of carotenoids, which are called beta cryptoxanthin, so that could very well destroy the cancer.

On mango fiber, soluble in water and can keep cholesterol, to remain normal. The content of gallic acid in mango is very good for the digestive tract. While the riboflavin content is very good for the eyes, mouth, and throat.

Mangoes have chemical properties, and certain pharmacological effects, namely:

• astringent
• laxative urine
• refresher
• appetite enhancer
• mild laxative
• laxative sputum
• antioxidants.

Mango also potent to help cure a variety of diseases, including:

• dermatitis
• influenza
• asthma
• impaired vision
• bleeding gums
• laryngitis
• lack of appetite
• whitish
• airway inflammation
• shortness of breath
• travel sickness
• wormy
• menstrual disorders
• hernia
• rheumatic
• ulcer
• scabies
• eczema
• stomach pains
• diarrhea.

10 Secrets The Benefits of Bananas

Almost all bananas have yellow skin when ripe, though some were colored orange, red, green, purple, or even almost black. Bananas as food is a source of energy (carbohydrates) and minerals, especially potassium.

The main center of banana diversity lies in the area of ​​Malesia (South-East Asia, Papua, and tropical Australia).

Bananas have traditionally been cultivated intensively. Only a few are cultivated intensively and massively in monoculture plantations, such as 'Gros Michel' and 'Cavendish'. Other types are usually planted in groups in the garden, the edges of other crops, as well as the banks of the river.

Bananas contain three natural sugars - sucrose, fructose and glucose combined with fiber. So that a banana could provide enough energy directly.

Research has proven capable of two bananas provide enough energy for a strenuous 90-minute workout. No wonder the banana into pieces you are the number one in the world's leading athletes.

14 Secrets The Benefits of Bananas

1. Depression
According to a survey conducted by MIND amongst people suffering from depression, many felt much better after eating a banana. Bananas contain tryptophan, a type of protein that the body converts into serotonin, known to make you relax, improve your mood and generally make you feel happier.

2. PMS
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle that can Affect menstruating women of any age.
Forget the pills - eat a banana. It contains vitamin B6 in bananas regulates blood glucose levels, which can affect your mood.

3. Anemia
With a high content of iron, bananas can stimulate the production of hemoglobin in the blood and so helps in cases of anemia.

4. High Blood Pressure
Bananas are high in potassium, yet low in salt, making it perfect to beat blood pressure.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration has even allowed the banana plantations make official claims for the fruit's ability to reduce the risk of blood pressure and stroke.

5. Improve Brain Power
200 students at a Twickenham (Middlesex, England) were helped through their exams by eating bananas at breakfast, break, and lunch in a bid to boost their brain power. Research has shown that the potassium-packed fruit can assist concentration.

6. Constipation
High levels of fiber / fiber in bananas can help restore normal bowel action, helping to overcome the problem of constipation.

7. Heart Disease
Bananas have a natural antacid effect in the body, so if you suffer from heartburn, try eating a banana for soothing relief.

8. Morning Sickness
Eating bananas between meals, helps maintain blood sugar levels and avoid morning sickness.

9. Wounds In Stomach
Bananas can be used as the dietary food against intestinal disorders because of its soft texture and smoothness. It is the only raw fruit that can be eaten without causing undue pressure on the stomach with severe cases. Bananas also neutralizes over-acidity and reduces irritation by coating the lining of the stomach.

10. Smoking & Tobacco Use
Bananas can also help people who want to quit smoking. Vitamin B6 and B12 they contain, as well as the potassium and magnesium, help the body recover from the effects of nicotine withdrawal.

Nursing Care Plan for Nasal Polyps

Every normal human being has a sensory organ, the organ of smell, hearing, taste, and sight. These organs are not uncommon or even very prone to crash, resulting in impaired sensory perception on the sufferer.

The nose is one of the sensory organ that functions as an organ of smell. If the nose was down, it will affect multiple body systems, such as breathing and smelling.

One of the disorders of the nose is nasal polyps. Nasal polyps are sessile soft mass in the nasal cavity caused by mucosal inflammation. Its surface is smooth, greyish white and somewhat translucent because it contains a lot of liquid. The shape can be round or oval, single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral.

Polyps can arise in people with both men and women, from the age of the children to the elderly. If there are polyps in children under 2 years of age, should be excluded the possibility meningocele, or meningoencephalocele.

Nasal polyps were more common in patients with non-allergic asthma (13%) compared to patients with allergic asthma (5%). Nasal polyps mainly found in adulthood and is more common in men, where the ratio between men and women 2:1 or 3:1.


Definition

Nasal polyps are masses of soft, white or grayish contained in the nasal cavity. Most often originate from the ethmoid sinus, multiple, and bilateral. Usually in adults. In children may be a symptom of cystic fibrosis.

Nasal polyps are soft mass, which stemmed in the nasal cavity caused by mucosal inflammation. Its surface is smooth, greyish white and somewhat translucent because it contains a lot of liquid. The shape can be round or oval, single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral. (Anonymous, 2010).


Etiology

Occurs due to hypersensitivity reactions or allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa. Polyps can arise in people with both men and women, from the age of the children to the elderly. If there are polyps in children under 2 years of age, should be excluded the possibility of meningocele or meningoencephalocele.

Once thought to predispose to the onset of nasal polyps is a disease of allergic rhinitis or atopy, but more and more studies that do not support this theory and experts to date suggests that the etiology of nasal polyps is not known with certainty.

Polyps are caused by an allergic reaction or an inflammatory reaction. Stemmed shape, does not contain blood vessels. In nasal polyps can grow a lot, especially if the origin of the ethmoid sinuses. When the origin of the maxillary sinus, the polyps that grow only one, and are facing the nostril into the nasopharynx (turbinate). This situation is called turbinate polyps. Turbinate polyps usually larger than nasal polyps. Polyps were to be removed, because if not, as complications can occur sinusitis. Polyps that can grow a lot, so sometimes people seem enlarged nose, and if its spread is not treated after polyps removed, it can grow back. Therefore do not be tired of seeing, because often one surgery for polyp repeated bargaining.

Which may be a predisposing factor occurs polyps include:
a) Allergies, especially allergic rhinitis.
b) Chronic sinusitis.
c) Irritation.
d) Nasal obstruction by anatomical abnormalities such as septal deviation and turbinate hypertrophy.


Clinical Manifestations

The main symptoms caused by nasal polyps are nasal congestion. This blockage is not intermittent, and progressively advancing. In the great obstruction can cause symptoms of hyposmia even anosmia. If polyps are increasingly clogging the paranasal sinuses, sinusitis will arise with symptoms of headache and rhinorrhea. If the cause is allergies, then the main symptoms are sneezing and nasal irritation.

Persistent nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea and heavier. Blockage can occur hyposmia or anosmia. When the clog ostium, can occur purulent sinusitis with nasal mucus. Because due to allergies, the main symptoms are sneezing and nasal irritation.

On clinical examination a mass appears grayish white or reddish yellow in the nasal cavity. Sessile polyps so easily moved, soft consistency, not painful when pressed, easy bleeding, and did not shrink in the use of vasoconstrictor.


Data Analysis

1. Data

• Subjective Data: decreased appetite.
• Objective Data: weight loss, not eating out.

Etiology:

• Polyp
• Decrease the sense of smell

Problem

• Impaired sensory perception : olfactory

2. Data:

• Subjective Data: client felt there was a blockage in the nose.
• Objective Data: Respiration 24 x / minute, irregular breathing patterns, reflecting the ventilator inspiratory muscles, the additional breathing (Ronchi).

Etiology:

• There are masses
• Flow / drainage of secretions retained
• Nasal congestion

Problem

• Ineffective airway clearance

3. Data

• Subjective Data: client feel weak, appetite down.
• Objective Data: slim, body weight decreased (from 65 kg to 61 kg), albumin less than 3.2, Hb less than 11 hair look red at kids, thin subcutaneous layer.

Etiology

• Nasal congestion
• Impaired olfactory
• Decreased appetite

Problem

• Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements

Cataract Care Plan - Pre and Post Operative

Definition

Cataract is a condition in which the normally clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy and clear change.

Cataract is the opacity of the progressive lens or the lens capsule.

Cataract is a cloudiness in the lens of each state, which can occur due to hydration (addition of liquid), lens protein denaturation, or due to both of them, usually occurs in both eyes and progressive.


Etiology

• Physical
• Chemical
• Elderly
• Disease predisposing
• Genetic and developmental disorders
• Virus infection in the future growth of the fetus.

Classification

Cataracts can be classified according to developmental and degenerative processes by:

1. Congenital Cataracts

Congenital cataract is a cloudiness in the lens that occur during the formation of the lens. Turbidity was there at the time the baby is born. Cataract is often found in infants born to mothers who had rubella, diabetes, toxoplasmosis, hipoparatiroidismo, galactosemia. There are also accompanying congenital abnormalities in the eye itself as microphthalmus, aniridia, coloboma, keratoconus, Ectopia lentis, megalocornea, hetero cornea iris.
Turbidity can be found in the form: hyaloidea persistent artery, anterior polar cataract, posterior, Axialis cataract, zonular cataract, stellate cataract, cataract totalis and congenital totalis membranacea.

2. Primary Cataracts

Primary cataracts by age, there are three groups, namely:
a. Juvenile Cataract (age <20 years)
b. Presenile Cataract (ages up to 50 years)
c. Senile Cataract (age> 50 years)

3. Senile Cataracts

Senile cataract is, all contained lens opacities in the elderly, the age group above 50 years.
Senile cataract is known in four stages, namely:

a. Incipient cataract
An early stage of cataract is clouding the lens is shaped patches of irregular opacities. Clients complain visual disturbances such as seeing double at the sight of one eye. At this stage, the process of degeneration absorb the liquid so that the anterior chamber has a normal depth. Iris in a normal position with mild cloudiness in the lens. Impaired visual acuity has not happened yet.

b. Immature cataract
Lens begins to absorb the liquid, so the lens is slightly convex, causing myopia and iris pushed ahead with a shallow anterior chamber. Anterior chamber angle can be closed so that may arise secondary glaucoma.

c. Mature cataract
An advanced lens degeneration process. At this stage, there was opacification of the lens. Fluid pressure within the lens is in equilibrium with the liquid in the eye so that the lens will return to normal size. Visual acuity had decreased and only a positive light projection.

d. Hypermature cataract
At this stage of the process further degeneration and cortical lens can melt lens, so the lens nucleus immersed in the lens cortex. At this stage, it can also happen that the degeneration of the lens capsule and cortical lens material liquid lenses that can be entered into the anterior chamber. Lens material to occlude the anterior chamber fluid, causing phacolytic glaucoma.

Clinical Manifestations

Cataracts develop slowly and do not cause pain accompanied by visual disturbances that appear gradually. Vision problems can be:

1. Difficulty seeing at night.
2. See the circle around the light or the light was blinding.
3. Decrease in visual acuity (even in daylight).
4. Frequently changing glasses.
5. Double vision in one eye. Sometimes cataract lens causing swelling and increased pressure within the eye (glaucoma), which can cause pain.
6. As there are dark spots in front of eyes.
7. Difficult to see objects that are dazzling.
8. Color change in the pupil or white.
9. Difficult to do the daily work.
10. Reading time illumination require brighter light.
11. Night vision much less.
12. 2. For a while obviously look closely.

Examination Support

1. Examination of visual acuity.
2. Check is performed to see visual acuity. This examination is conducted by the Snellen card is the card to see the person's visual acuity.
3. Slit lamp examination. See all makeup eye front with enlargement. With these tools can see the state of the cornea, manic eyes, black lining, and lenses.
4. Tonometry
5. Ophtalmoscope
6. Ocular examination

Pre Operative Cataract Care

1. Retinal function should be good, which is checked by the test beam projection.
2. There should be no infection in the eye or surrounding tissue.
3. There should be no glaucoma. In the state of glaucoma, retinal blood vessels have been adapted to high IOP. If surgery is performed, at the time the cornea is cut, IOP decreased, blood vessels rupture and cause severe bleeding. Also can cause bulbus oculi prolap of content, such as iris, glass body and lens.
4. Check the vision.
5. General state must either: no hypertension, no diabetes mellitus (blood glucose <150 mg / dl), no chronic cough and heart disease, such as cardiac decompensation.
6. Instruct the patient to bathe and wash before surgery, to reduce the risk of infection.
7. Give premedication drugs, and shaving eyelashes, appropriate advice doctor.

Cataract surgery is commonly performed and generally safe. After surgery are rare infections or bleeding in the eye that can lead to serious vision problems. To prevent infection, reduce inflammation and accelerate healing, for several weeks after surgery was given eye drops or ointment. To protect the eyes from injury, patients should wear glasses or protective goggles made of metal until the surgical wound is completely healed.

Post Operative Cataract Care

1. Limit the patient to perform an action that can increase IOP, including: coughing, bending, straining, sneezing, lifting objects weighing&gt; 7.5 kg, was lying beside the surgery.
2. Instruct the patient to wear glasses during the day and wear eye protection at night.
3. Give eye drops / eye ointment suitable doctor advice.
4. Observation of increased IOP is characterized by: severe pain, nausea, vomiting.
5. Observe for signs of infection, and advise the patient not to rub the eyes to prevent infection.
6. Instruct the patient to wash their hands before administering an ointment / eye drops.
7. Observe for signs of bleeding anterior eye chamber is characterized by changes in vision.
8. Observation for signs of retinal detachment, which is marked with a black dot seems, an increasing number of floaters or light and loss of part / whole field of view.

Healing Pain in Acute Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is defined as the acute inflammation of the appendix. It is considered to be the most common cause of abdominal pain and distress in children and teenagers worldwide (ages 4-15). The appendix is a channel in its interior that communicates with the large intestine where feces semifluidas.

The appendix is a small pouch attached to your large intestine. It is thought that appendicitis begins when the opening from the appendix into the cecum becomes blocked. The blockage may be due to a build-up of thick mucus within the appendix or to stool that enters the appendix from the cecum. When the appendix is blocked by calculus and feces or it is squeezed by the lymph nodes (due to bacterial infection, the lymph nodes usually become swollen and press against the appendix), it swells and usually doesn't receive enough blood. Bacteria grow inside the appendix, eventually causing its death. In acute appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix is serious and can lead to complications (perforation, gangrene, sepsis).

Acute appendicitis is caused in most cases, usually by a fossilized feces (fecalito) that obstructs the appendiceal channel. Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain and its treatment is surgical and emergency.

The most common symptoms of acute appendicitis are intense, continuous abdominal pain (at first it occurs in the umbilical region and later locates in the right lower region of the abdomen) that usually amplifies during movement, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea and fever. Vomiting and anorexia can occur after the feeling of pain. Besides, an elevated body temperature is a sign of an ongoing inflammation in the body. In atypical forms of acute appendicitis, the patients may have only one symptom or they may not have any symptoms at all! This complicates the process of correctly diagnosing acute appendicitis and the only effective means of discovering the illness are abdominal computerized tomography, blood analysis and detailed physical examination.

The most frequent complication is that the wall of the appendix is necrosa (gangrenous appendicitis), causing a perforation, with consequent generalized peritonitis, or in some cases the adjacent bowel loops are affected in such a way that causes perforation of the small intestine.

Another complication is the possibility that the omentum can join restricting peritonitis in the right iliac fossa. Fibrosis and inflammation produce a persistent right iliac fossa mass (mass apendicial). This can be solved through healing by formation of an abscess to drain to the surface or by drilling with generalized peritonitis.

The surgical intervention performed in acute appendicitis is called appendectomy. If acute appendicitis is treated in time, the patients recover quickly and effortless. Most patients are fully recovered within 4 weeks from surgery. However, in the case of complicated acute appendicitis, the patients require special monitoring before and long after the surgical treatment. Complicated acute appendicitis is life-threatening and the rate of mortality in patients with this form of illness is considerably high. Acute appendicitis requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis

This disorder is mainly based on clinical diagnosis, the doctor makes the patient's physical examination (signs of Mc Burney Blumberg or positive), other relevant data that help us to diagnose the taking of a blood Biometría showing (leukocytosis of 10,000 to 15,000 leuc/mm3 and normal urinary tract examination (to rule out a possible infection and the differential diagnosis).

Prevention and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis

1. Antibiotics almost always useful in Appendicitis.
2. Appendectomy surgery removal of the appendix.
3. Intravenous (IV) fluids decrease the risk for wound infections after surgery.
4. Appendicitis is less common in people who eat foods high in fiber so eat very low.

Healing Pain in Acute Appendicitis

1. Assess the level of pain, location and characteristics of pain.
Rationale: To determine the extent of pain and is an indicator of early to be able to give further action.

2. Encourage deep breathing.
Rationale: deep breathing, can breathe oxygen adequately, so that the muscles into relaxation so as to reduce pain.

3. Perform gate control.
Rationale: The gate control large diameter nerve stimulating small-diameter nerve so that pain stimuli are not forwarded to the hypothalamus.

4. Give analgesics.
Rationale: As a prophylactic in order to relieve pain (if already know the symptoms for sure).

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About

nanda-2013.blogspot.com is an online nursing resources to nursing students and current nurses. With this blog I want to be able to share and discuss my thoughts on healthcare, nursing, and nursing education issues with nurses from all over the world.

To search this website, please use the listings in the column on the upper left corner of this screen. You can also use the navigation bar that is in the top portion of this screen. Please be aware that if you click on the ‘labels’ that you will see at the right side of this screen.

I hope you enjoy my blog and I hope to hear from you. Please email me any questions you have about anything you see on my blog or about any aspect of nursing. I also look forward to reading your comments and suggestions.